Development and Performance Evaluation of a Nano Sensor Integrated Smart Oven for Enhanced Thermal Control and Energy Usage

Abstract

The advancement of precision cooking technologies has driven increasing interest in intelligent thermal systems capable of achieving real-time monitoring, improved efficiency, and enhanced user safety. Motivated by these challenges, this study presents the development and performance evaluation of a smart oven integrated with a real-time nano temperature sensor, aimed at enhancing monitoring and thermal control. The primary aim is to address the limitations of conventional heating systems, particularly poor temperature stability, energy inefficiency, and delayed feedback response, by leveraging nanoscale sensing and intelligent control algorithms. The smart oven was designed and fabricated using a galvanized steel heating chamber measuring 320 mm × 320 mm, thermally insulated with 10 mm fiberglass to minimize heat losses. The system operates using a 12 V DC rechargeable battery and delivers a heating capacity of 600 W, enhancing portability and off-grid usability. A proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller was incorporated to achieve accurate temperature regulation. The nano-based temperature sensor offers high-resolution, real-time thermal feedback essential for fine control. The combined hardware–software architecture was evaluated through controlled thermal experiments comparing the nano sensor–based system with a conventional sensing arrangement. Results indicate performance enhancements when the nano temperature sensor is employed. Temperature–time profiles show that the smart oven reaches and maintains thermal equilibrium more rapidly than the conventional setup. Energy-loss curves indicate substantially lower dissipation, while statistical analysis confirms significant differences between the two systems in temperature stability and energy usage. At a benchmark temperature of 120 °C, the nano sensor system achieved approximately 80% reduction in energy loss, a 79.39% decrease in power loss, and a 29.41% reduction in overall energy consumption relative to the conventional sensor. These improvements demonstrate the effectiveness of nanoscale sensing technologies in achieving precise thermal management, reduced energy demand, and greater operational reliability. The implications of this work extend to the broader field of smart culinary and heating appliances, highlighting the value of integrating nanotechnology-enabled sensors with intelligent control techniques to produce energy-efficient and performance-consistent systems. Future research will emphasize deeper sensor integration, optimization of adaptive control algorithms, and scaling of the prototype for industrial and commercial food-processing applications, where precise, efficient, and reliable thermal regulation is essential.