International Journal of Modern Developments in Engineering and Science
Call for Papers Publish in Multidisciplinary Journal Volume 5, Issue 2, February 2026 1000+ Articles | 2,000+ Authors | 20+ Countries Publication Process Submit Manuscript ISSN (Online): 2583-3138 Publication Frequency: Monthly Subject/Scope: Multidisciplinary Areas Publication Format: Online Publication Time: Within 3 Days Publication Fee: $52 (Africa), $59 (Others), ₹2000 (India) CrossRef DOI to all published articles No Additional Author and Page Charges Free e-certificates to authors International Journal of Modern Developments in Engineering and Science, is online, open access, journal with a focus on engineering, science, and multidisciplinary areas. The modern developments to provide a solution to societal issues not only focus on engineering, and science alone, but also on multidisciplinary areas. The journal offers authors a to share their research with the audience of engineers, scientists, professionals, and other interested people across the globe. This International Journal of Modern Developments in Engineering and Science journal is a platform to publish research to anyone working in any area of engineering in academia, industry, or government, including engineers, scientists, consultants, policy-makers, government officials, economists, and corporate organizations. This journal welcomes articles from Engineering, Science, and Multidisciplinary topics.
Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions for Extended Fractional Differential Equations
Refer abstract from pdf of the paper.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajratana Maroti Kamble https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Chatbots and Conversational AI
Conversational AI, including chatbots and virtual assistants, has rapidly advanced with the rise of large language models (LLMs). This survey examines the historical evolution of chatbots from rule-based systems to retrieval-based and generative AI models, while dissecting key components such as NLU, dialogue management, and NLG. It also covers major applications in customer service, healthcare, and education, as well as the ethical and societal implications of AI-driven dialogue systems. Challenges such as bias, hallucination, privacy concerns, and job displacement are discussed along with future directions in this evolving field.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abhisha Ganesh Whaval https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Gender Constructs on Women in Indigenous Society in Amador Daguio’s The Wedding Dance
This study investigates the impact of gender constructs on women as portrayed in Amador T. Daguio’s The Wedding Dance. The story follows Lumnay, whose inability to bear a child compels her husband, Awiyao, to remarry in accordance with the cultural expectation to produce an heir. The analysis focuses on how plot, characters, and imagery reveal the impact of gender constructs on women in the narrative. Guided by Simone de Beauvoir’s Gender Theory and supported by Viktor Shklovsky’s Formalism, Judith Butler’s Gender Performativity, and Adrienne Rich’s Cultural Feminism, this study employs a qualitative discourse analysis. Plot analysis uses Freytag's Plot Structure, textual evidence, and cause-and-effect relationships to analyze gender constructs in the plot, while character analysis explores characterization and motivation shaped by gender constructs, and imagery analysis identifies imagery category, lines, imagery description, and Cordilleran Cultural Traditions, to investigate gender constructs. The findings suggest that Amador T. Daguio’s The Wedding Dance contains gender constructs. Through a plot analysis, it reveals that the short story’s narrative, particularly on the aspect of traditional practices and cultural expectations dictating the lives of the characters, affects even the most intimate marriages in the context of the story’s setting. Additionally, the character analysis manifests that the societal norms present in the story perpetuate gender constructs on women through studying the characterization and motivation of the characters. Furthermore, some imagery in the short story outlines firmly entrenched gender constructs, such as masculine authority and a feminine silent struggle, through the aid of an in-depth imagery analysis. The findings of this study may deepen the understanding of how literature reflects and perpetuates gender constructs on women, particularly in the context of Philippine indigenous culture. Such insights can encourage critical discussions that challenge restrictive gender expectations and promote more inclusive narratives for women in literary studies for future researchers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nova Mae Rogeliz M. Beldad, Terese Dahl W. Largo, Crystene B. Villamor, Lito L. Diones https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inauguration of Guilt in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart
This study explores the multifaceted emergence of guilt in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart, analyzing how environmental, psychological, and structural elements converge to shape its portrayal. The milieu-based inauguration of guilt is traced to Poe’s personal experiences—familial loss, emotional instability, alcoholism, and professional hardship—alongside his literary influences from Romantic and Gothic traditions. Character-based guilt is examined through the contrast between the old man’s passive presence and the narrator’s obsessive, erratic behavior, revealing how guilt manifests both symbolically and viscerally. Plot-based guilt is revealed through Poe’s tightly constructed narrative, where pacing, repetition, and causality mirror the narrator’s psychological descent. Together, these dimensions demonstrate that guilt in Poe’s story is not merely thematic but a dynamic force born of personal history, character tension, and narrative design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mary Gel P. Marsan, Floricarl T. Bulado, Nikki C. Yaon, Lito L. Diones https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Disillusionment with Marriage in Nick Joaquin’s May Day Eve and The Summer Solstice
This study examines the disillusionment with marriage in Nick Joaquin’s May Day Eve and The Summer Solstice, two short stories that depict marital relationships shaped by cultural tradition, gender expectations, and personal conflict within Filipino society. Employing a qualitative literary research design, the study analyzes how disillusionment emerges through plot structure, characterization, and thematic development. The analysis proceeds in three major phases. The first phase focuses on plot structure using IA Richard's New Criticism theory. It followed the structure of Aristotelian plot structure and principles of narratology, revealing how cyclical narration, ritualized events, and reversals of power expose the erosion of marital idealism. The second phase examines the characters through Leon Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory, demonstrating how internal conflicts arise when characters’ expectations of marriage clash with lived realities, resulting in emotional estrangement, resentment, and role reversal. The third phase applies Braun and Clarke’s Thematic Analysis to identify recurring patterns of marital disillusionment, particularly those linked to authority, gendered power, and unmet romantic ideals. The fourth phase presents a creative writeback in the form of a monologue, synthesizing the analytical findings into an interpretive response that reflects the emotional and thematic tensions of marital disillusionment. Findings reveal that marriage in both texts is not portrayed as a harmonious union but as a place of psychological tension and transformation, where ritual, memory, and power destabilize traditional marital roles. Ultimately, the study concludes that Joaquin critiques marriage as a culturally sanctified institution by exposing its capacity to produce disillusionment rather than fulfillment. This research contributes to Philippine literary studies by foregrounding marriage as a central thematic concern and by integrating literary and psychological frameworks in textual analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jan Emmy C. Julve, Kesshia Jake B. Alesna, Carlisle T. Auman, Florineth Rodrigo, Lito L. Diones https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multimodal Interventions of Psychosocial Stimulation, Nutrition Support, Water Sanitation Hygiene Among Malnourished Children in Kanam Plateau State, North Central Nigeria
This study explores the effectiveness of an integrated intervention combining psychosocial stimulation, nutrition support, and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices among malnourished children in Kanam, North Central Nigeria. The intervention aims to address the multifaceted challenges of malnutrition by enhancing caregivers' knowledge and skills while simultaneously improving children's health and developmental outcomes. A mixed method approach that employed multi-stage cluster sampling technique to select malnourished children aged 6-59months residing in the targeting communities was used. Data were collected through surveys and quantitative assessments using anthropometric measurement before and during the intervention to evaluate its impact on child growth and the overall well-being of both children and caregivers. Results indicate significant improvements in nutritional status, psychosocial health, and family dynamics, highlighting the importance of a holistic approach in addressing malnutrition. This integrated model demonstrates the potential for sustainable health improvements in vulnerable populations and underscores the need for comprehensive strategies in public health initiatives. The study recommends scalable implementation of integrated interventions that combine psychosocial stimulation, nutrition support, and WASH practices, while ensuring community involvement and ongoing caregiver training to enhance child health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Jacob, Audu Andrew Jatau, John Wukatda Darbe, Falade Job Olakunle, Helen S. Jacob, Mohammed Buhari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hyper-Endemicity of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Riverine Communities: A Comparative Study of Risk Factors and Water Contact Patterns in Makurdi
Despite national control efforts, urinary schistosomiasis remains a recalcitrant public health challenge in Nigeria’s Benue Trough. Current surveillance often overlooks the extreme micro-epidemiology of riverine "hotspots" where transmission dynamics defy general trends. This study investigated the hyper-endemicity of Schistosoma haematobium in Makurdi, aiming to unmask localized transmission drivers and seasonal risk factors. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,032 participants across three riverine communities: Katungu, Agwan Jukun, and Jibata. Terminal urine samples were analyzed via filtration for S. haematobium eggs, and infection intensity was correlated with data from structured questionnaires regarding water contact behavior, sanitation, and seasonality. The study revealed a startling spatial heterogeneity. While the overall prevalence was 56.69%, the Jibata community recorded a "saturation prevalence" of 100.00% (344/344), marking it as a critical hyper-endemic focus compared to Katungu (10.76%). Challenging classical epidemiological models, females exhibited a significantly higher infection rate (62.73%) than males (48.26%) (P < 0.001), suggesting a shift in risk from recreational to domestic water contact. Infection peaked at 91.67% in the 16–19 age group. Risk analysis identified reliance on river water as the primary driver (88.84% prevalence), exacerbated by perennial transmission; participants active in both rainy and dry seasons faced the highest risk (66.07%). The absolute infection rate in Jibata indicates a total breakdown of sanitation barriers, identifying the community as a priority zone for emergency intervention. The study confirms that transmission in this axis is driven by occupational exposure and failed water infrastructure rather than mere recreation. Effective control must move beyond school-based treatment to include community-wide WASH implementation and targeted support for women and older adolescents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Hembadoon Jande, Anyiman Terwase, Elizabeth Une Amuta, James Agada Okete, Friday Inalegwu, Jeremiah Terdoo Kposu, Amana Onekutu, Emmanuel Terese Azua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-Powered Face Reconstruction from Sketches Using GANs & RNNs
Converting a simple pencil sketch into a realistic, full-color image is still a difficult challenge in the field of computer vision and artificial intelligence. In this work, we design a system that brings together Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) [1] and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to generate realistic facial images from grayscale sketches. The generator starts with a convolution-based encoder, then uses a bidirectional LSTM to understand how different parts of the image relate to each other, before reconstructing the output in color through a decoder. To judge image quality, we apply a PatchGAN discriminator [2] that examines small areas, encouraging detailed textures and sharp edges. Training uses paired sketches and photographs, combining adversarial, perceptual, and reconstruction losses so that the output retains both realistic features and correct structure. For ease of use, we developed a lightweight Flask web tool [12] that lets a user upload a sketch and instantly see the generated result. Our experiments show that this approach produces faces that are smoother, more coherent, and visually closer to real images than those from baseline methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Deepak Rao, Akshatha Kamath, Deeksha Patkar, Akshatha, Adithi Nayak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
machine built to give out aquatic animal sustenance at set periods, a device which guarantees steady, managed nourishment for living fish within their tanks or outdoor ponds. It minimizes manual effort while maintaining optimal nutrition for fish, promoting healthy growth and behavior. The system typically incorporates a programmable timer, a food storage chamber, and a dispensing mechanism that releases accurate food portions. Modern designs may include sensors to prevent overfeeding and detect food levels. Some advanced feeders integrate wireless connectivity for remote monitoring and adjustments. The device enhances feeding accuracy, reduces human error, and supports fish care during the owner’s absence. Its reliability and ease of use make it ideal for hobbyists and aquaculture environments. Overall, the automatic fish feeder contributes to efficient, stress-free, and sustainable fish management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pratiksha Kallappa Jambagi, S. N. Mahadevi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LLM-Based Support for Diabetes Diagnosis: Opportunities, Scenarios, and Challenges with GPT-5
Diabetes mellitus is a major global health challenge, affecting over half a billion adults worldwide with prevalence projected to rise. Although the American Diabetes Association (ADA) provides clear diagnostic thresholds, early recognition remains difficult due to vague symptoms, borderline laboratory values, gestational complexity, and the demands of long-term monitoring. Advances in large language models (LLMs) offer opportunities to enhance decision support through structured, interpretable, and patient-friendly outputs. This study evaluates GPT-5, the latest generative pretrained transformer, using a simulation framework built entirely on synthetic cases aligned with ADA Standards of Care 2025 and inspired by public datasets including NHANES, Pima Indians, EyePACS, and MIMIC-IV. Five representative scenarios were tested: symptom recognition, laboratory interpretation, gestational diabetes screening, remote monitoring, and multimodal complication detection. For each, GPT-5 classified cases, generated clinical rationales, produced patient explanations, and output structured JSON summaries. Results showed strong alignment with ADA-defined criteria, suggesting GPT-5 may function as a dual-purpose tool for clinicians and patients, while underscoring the importance of reproducible evaluation frameworks for responsibly assessing LLMs in healthcare.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gaurav Kumar Gupta, Nirajan Acharya, Pranal Pande https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Modified S21603 Steel with Reduced Molybdenum Content
This work presents a comparative study of the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of conventional AISI 316L steel and a modified high-nitrogen S21603 steel containing 1% molybdenum and 0.35% nitrogen. The modified alloy exhibits significantly higher strength while maintaining acceptable ductility and impact toughness. Corrosion tests in chloride, sulfuric, and mixed acidic environments demonstrate a substantial improvement in pitting, intergranular, and general corrosion resistance due to the combined effect of nitrogen and increased chromium content. Electrochemical measurements further confirm the higher pitting potential of the modified steel. These results highlight the strong potential of high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels as cost-effective materials for aggressive corrosion-prone applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarkis Muradian, Qiang Zhong, Mingzhou Liu, Cheng Su, Wenqiang Sun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Nano Sensor Integrated Smart Oven for Enhanced Thermal Control and Energy Usage
The advancement of precision cooking technologies has driven increasing interest in intelligent thermal systems capable of achieving real-time monitoring, improved efficiency, and enhanced user safety. Motivated by these challenges, this study presents the development and performance evaluation of a smart oven integrated with a real-time nano temperature sensor, aimed at enhancing monitoring and thermal control. The primary aim is to address the limitations of conventional heating systems, particularly poor temperature stability, energy inefficiency, and delayed feedback response, by leveraging nanoscale sensing and intelligent control algorithms. The smart oven was designed and fabricated using a galvanized steel heating chamber measuring 320 mm × 320 mm, thermally insulated with 10 mm fiberglass to minimize heat losses. The system operates using a 12 V DC rechargeable battery and delivers a heating capacity of 600 W, enhancing portability and off-grid usability. A proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller was incorporated to achieve accurate temperature regulation. The nano-based temperature sensor offers high-resolution, real-time thermal feedback essential for fine control. The combined hardware–software architecture was evaluated through controlled thermal experiments comparing the nano sensor–based system with a conventional sensing arrangement. Results indicate performance enhancements when the nano temperature sensor is employed. Temperature–time profiles show that the smart oven reaches and maintains thermal equilibrium more rapidly than the conventional setup. Energy-loss curves indicate substantially lower dissipation, while statistical analysis confirms significant differences between the two systems in temperature stability and energy usage. At a benchmark temperature of 120 °C, the nano sensor system achieved approximately 80% reduction in energy loss, a 79.39% decrease in power loss, and a 29.41% reduction in overall energy consumption relative to the conventional sensor. These improvements demonstrate the effectiveness of nanoscale sensing technologies in achieving precise thermal management, reduced energy demand, and greater operational reliability. The implications of this work extend to the broader field of smart culinary and heating appliances, highlighting the value of integrating nanotechnology-enabled sensors with intelligent control techniques to produce energy-efficient and performance-consistent systems. Future research will emphasize deeper sensor integration, optimization of adaptive control algorithms, and scaling of the prototype for industrial and commercial food-processing applications, where precise, efficient, and reliable thermal regulation is essential.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Alagbe Shehu, A. D. Ogunsola, M. A. Ojelere, M. O. Adetunji, E. O. Sangotayo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Resilience of Health and Safety Management Systems (HSMS) in the Oil & Gas Sector During COVID-19 and Post-Pandemic Operations
Health and safety management systems (HSMS) in the oil and gas Industry faced previously unheard-of difficulties as a result of the COVID-18 pandemic, necessitating quick adaptation to preserve business continuity. Through surveys organizational document analysis, and Interviews conducted at various locations, this qualitative case study workforce cohesion were identified through data analysis. The results showed that while team dynamics and leadership communication changed in response to the evolving pandemic, operational procedures gradually solidified over time. The introduction of digital platforms supported continuity but produced uneven adoption and usability challenges across locations. Individual accountability for health and safety increased, highlighting both empowerment and strain among workers. Overall, the study demonstrates that HSMS exhibited adaptive capacity, though relational and procedural resilience developed unevenly. These insights provide a detailed account of system level responses to prolonged disruption and underscore the complex interplay between organizational practices, leadership, technology, and workforce behavior in sustaining safety outcomes under crisis conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zeenat Ansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rethinking the Individual–Organization Relationship in the Public Sector: A Literature Review on the Impact of Organizational Change
Face within a rapidly changing world and fierce competition between companies, organisational change is becoming a source of stability and a key to adapting to external constraints, also it is part of organisational life, since it has become a central issue for organisations (Latortue, 2017). The methodology followed in this study is positivism adapted with a deductive hypothesis, in order to discover the renewal of the individual/organisation relationship in the context of organisational change within the public sector. We will begin by studying the key concepts of the article, then the description, and finally definition of the fundamentals of organisational change and the individual/organisation relationship. The results of our study show that the public sector lacks internal communication, whereas organisational change in this sector requires a strong individual/organisation relationship based on communication and information sharing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dlimi Soumaya, Sibai Imane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The twin prime conjecture inquires whether there are infinitely many prime (p) pairs of the form (p, p+2). This longstanding problem remains unresolved in number theory. Although the infinitude of prime numbers has been rigorously established, the question of infinitely many twin prime pairs has proven considerably more challenging as numerous proposed proofs have been refuted upon closer examination. In this paper, twin primes are classified into three categories according to their final digit. Patterns arising within each category are analyzed, and a proof addressing the infinitude of twin primes is presented.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kipkirui Rono, Michael Munywoki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hydrofiber Foam vs. Alginate Dressings: A Systematic Review of Wound Healing Outcomes
Wound healing is a complex physiological process requiring moisture balance, exudate control, and infection prevention. Advanced dressings such as alginate and hydrofiber foams are widely used in clinical practice for acute and chronic wounds. Alginate dressings have long been valued for their hemostatic properties and effectiveness in managing highly exudative wounds, while hydrofiber foams represent a newer innovation designed to optimize moisture retention, promote autolytic debridement, and reduce pain during dressing changes. This systematic review critically evaluates clinical evidence comparing alginate and hydrofiber foam dressings, focusing on wound healing efficiency, infection control, patient comfort, and cost-effectiveness. Evidence shows that while both dressings support wound healing, hydrofiber foams demonstrate superior exudate handling, longer wear time, and reduced pain. Alginate dressings remain preferable in wounds requiring strong hemostatic support. Dressing choice should therefore be individualized based on wound type and patient needs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kothwala Deveshkumar, Lad Hirenkumar, Lad Sandip https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Level of Factors Affecting Cockfighters Engagement in Illegal Sabong
This study investigates the factors driving participation in illegal cockfighting ("sabong") among residents of Cateel, Davao Oriental, Philippines. Utilizing a descriptive comparative research design, a survey questionnaire was administered to 60 respondents from three barangays, selected via snowball sampling. The demographic analysis revealed a predominantly male (100%) respondent pool, with the majority aged 35-42 years old and earning ₱5,001-₱10,000 monthly. A significant number (66.7%) had been involved in sabong for five years or more. Analysis of the influence of various factors on sabong engagement showed that economic factors (mean score 4.31), entertainment factors (mean score 4.45), and learning factors (mean score 4.23) all significantly influenced participation. While age showed no significant difference in engagement levels (p=0.675), a marginally significant difference was found in relation to years of experience (p=0.05), and a statistically significant difference was observed based on monthly income (p=0.033). The study concludes that the persistence of illegal sabong in Cateel stems from a complex interplay of socio-economic pressures, cultural acceptance, and the inherent thrill of the activity. The study draws upon existing literature on gambling behavior, Filipino culture, and the Theory of Planned Behavior to contextualize its findings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mark Raniel R. Darlo, Arnold L. Dela Luz, Darwin C. Lahaylahay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This study explores structural and pattern-based factors influencing the validity of Frankl’s (Union-Closed Sets) Conjecture. By analyzing categorized families based on size, in- ternal structure, and symmetry, we assess how these characteristics impact the conjecture’s likelihood of holding. Particular focus is placed on families with high symmetry, dominant elements, or inherent union-closure. The results reveal consistent trends where certain configurations satisfy the conjecture trivially. These insights help pinpoint structural conditions that simplify the conjecture’s verification and highlight families that may present greater complexity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muendo Joshua, Dorca Stephen, Michael Munywoki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Pesticide Usage by Kales Farmers in Kiegoi, the Upper Nyambene Carchement, Meru County, Kenya
Pesticides are widely used to protect crops from pests and diseases infestations. However, the use of pesticides in most developing countries poses serious environmental and food safety hazards. These chemicals often leave residues in vegetables post-harvest and may contaminate water sources through runoff and groundwater percolation. Given their intrinsic toxicity, the production, distribution, and use of pesticides require strict regulation and control. This study investigated the commonly used pesticides, analysed pesticides residues in kales samples. A total of 68 respondents were purposively sampled using structured questionnaire. Using a stratified random sampling method, 54 kale samples were collected and analyzed across wet and dry seasons. Samples were packed in labelled zip-lock bags, placed in a cool box, and transported to KEPHIS Analytical Chemistry Laboratory in Nairobi, Kenya where extracts were analyzed using MO301-GC-MS/MS. The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) protocol was followed for sample preparation and data processed using SPSS version 26. An independent t-test determined statistically significant differences in pesticide residue concentrations in kales and domestic water source between dry and wet seasons and compared to WHO's designated MRLs. The results indicated that 97.1% of farmers use pesticides to protect kale from pests and diseases. The most commonly used pesticides were Dithane M-45 (22.1%), Deltanex (14.7%), Nuvan (11.8%), and Captan 50 WP (11.8%). Other pesticides like Diazinol, Cyperkill, and Trophy each accounted for 7.4%, while Rufast and Roundup made up 4.4% and 1.5%, respectively. (80.9%) reported pesticide applications conducted on a weekly basis with Diazinol, Captan 50 WP, and Dithane M-45 being the most frequently applied pesticide while 16.2% of the respondents reported using Glyphosate (Roundup) on a monthly basis. 85.3% of respondents use diazinol, captan 50 WP and deltanex on their kale crops to combat aphids, leaf spot diseases, and powdery mildew and 5.9%, reported treating maize and potatoes with Dithane M-45 and Roundup. Residue analysis showed Captan concentrations ranged from 0.01533 mg/kg in the wet season to 0.04700 mg/kg in the dry season, showing a statistically significant difference (p=0.001). Deltamethrin residues ranged from 0.01467 mg/kg in the wet season to 0.04200 mg/kg in the dry season, with a significant difference (p=0.000). Diazinon concentrations increased from 0.01567 mg/kg in the wet season to 0.02567 mg/kg in the dry season (p=0.046). Dichlorvos and Diazinon residues exceeded their MRLs of 0.02 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively, while Dieldrin surpassed the WHO MRL of 0.05 mg/kg during the dry season, suggesting a potential food safety hazard. Mancozeb and Deltamethrin concentrations in water were found to be within the WHO MRLs of 0.02 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l, respectively. However, Diazinon and Dieldrin levels exceeded the WHO MRLs of 0.01 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l. According to the WHO classification of pesticides, Dieldrin is a Class 1a pesticide that is extremely hazardous and restricted for use. Cypermethrin, Acetochlor, and Acrinathrin levels were below their respective WHO MRLs of 0.1 mg/l, 0.3 mg/l, and 0.05 mg/l in both seasons.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kennedy Kemboi Chumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adiabatic Logic and Subthreshold CMOS Circuit Design Using Opensource Software
Adiabatic circuits use a varying voltage source allowing for the energy to flow back and be reused, reducing power consumption. A subthreshold circuit is a circuit which operates at below transistor threshold voltages, which is the voltage it takes for the transistor to switch on. Multiple blocks using subthreshold CMOS and adiabatic were designed and simulated in ltspice and Xscheme using the opensource Skywater 130nM PDK. These blocks include baseline subthreshold D Flipflop, 1 Mhz subthreshold integrated oscillator, sub adiabatic modulo 10 divider (order of magnitude lower power than conventional Boolean approach), adiabatic phase generator, low power relaxation oscillator. These blocks can be combined to form a lower power system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Avijit Jutla, Justin Xu, Yinxuan Qiao, Daniel Abreu, Ziyuan Zheng, James T. Doyle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Study on Career Readiness and Career Identity Among Undergraduate Students: Influence of Gender, Medium of Instruction, and Academic Background
This study investigates the factors influencing career readiness and career identity among undergraduate students, focusing on demographic, educational, and contextual variables. The readiness and stronger career identity and commitment compared to their male counterparts. Similarly, students instructed in English exhibit significantly greater career readiness and stronger career identity than those taught in Tamil. However, no statistically significant differences were found across academic streams (Arts, Commerce, and Science), suggesting uniformity in career preparedness across disciplines. Additionally, neither residential area (rural, semi-urban, urban) nor college location had a significant impact on career readiness or career identity, although slight trends favoring semi-urban areas were observed. The type of school attended and students’ preferred career paths did not significantly affect their career readiness or identity, despite marginally higher scores among private school students and those aspiring for higher education. These findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions that account for language and gender-based disparities while supporting holistic career development across diverse student populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 C. Dhayanand, S. Archana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A MERN Stack and Next.js Based Freelancer Marketplace for Local Services with Secure Authentication, Profile Management, and Booking System
Freelancing has become a popular career choice for those individuals who are seeking flexibility, independence, and opportunities to work on projects which perfectly suit their interest and align very well with the skills they possess. Yet, local freelancers find it hard to attract clients locally because of a shortage of specialized platforms. This paper outlines the design and implementation of a localized freelancer marketplace built using the MERN stack and Next.js. The platform aims at bridging the gap between local freelancers and clients by offering secure authentication, customizable and personalized freelancer profiles, and a real-time booking system. It tries to address key limitations which are there in the existing global platforms by focusing on locality, security, and seamless user experience. The proposed system emphasizes secure transactions, smooth communication and helps people find nearby services, making it simple for clients and service providers to connect and work together.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prince Kumar, Harshit Pandey, Jatin Salhan, P. Sree Ram, Naman Swarup, Sarvesh Chopra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation, Success, and Challenges of LGU San Jose Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
This descriptive study investigated the extent of implementation, success, and challenges of DRRM strategies of LGU San Jose, Occidental Mindoro by using stratified random sampling among 154 respondents who are members of the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (BDRRMCs). This covered the implementation in terms of prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, and rehabilitation and recovery; level of success in reduction in disaster impact, community awareness and participation and resilience and quick recovery; and extent of challenges in education and information, manpower, equipment and facilities, and institutional coordination. This also analyzed the relationship between implementation, success, and challenges of the DRRM of LGU San Jose. Weighted mean and correlation analyses were utilized in the study. The research instrument is a survey questionnaire crafted by the author and validated by experts. The study revealed that the extent of implementation of DRRM is high in all areas but highest in rehabilitation and recovery phase. In addition, the level of success is high in all indicators but highest in reduction in disaster impact. However, the level of challenges is also high in all factors and highest in the equipment and facilities. Lastly, the study found out that there is a significant relationship between all the variables which demonstrates that as the DRRM strategies are implemented, the level of success also elevates, however the level of challenges also increases which is inherent in implementation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Czarina Maye P. San Jose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Power Prediction in Digital VLSI Circuits Using Diffusion Models: Synthetic Data Generation and Performance Evaluation
Accurate power forecasting plays a crucial role in optimizing the performance of digital VLSI circuits, particularly as design complexities continue to grow. This research delves into the use of diffusion models to create synthetic data aimed at improving the accuracy of power predictions in machine learning frameworks. Running simulations within the HSPICE environment and using advanced CMOS nodes yielded realistic datasets that were employed to train the proposed models. The synthetic data not only resembled real-world data closely but also effectively complemented limited datasets, leading to a significant improvement in power prediction performance metrics. This study underscores the potential of using data augmentation through diffusion models as an innovative strategy in VLSI design.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sinchan Roy, Sanket Jain, Satwik Khattar, Deva Nand https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Police Brutality on Human Rights in India
Creating a dependable and skilled police force is essential for ensuring public safety and addressing concerns effectively. India lacks a police force of this calibre, as supported by concrete evidence from many committees, human rights commissions, media reports, and firsthand experiences of residents who have witnessed crimes. It is widely acknowledged that the police force is in dire need of essential reforms. Two separate components of police reform must be executed at the same time. reform must be implemented concurrently.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pahal Srivastava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Independence is a fundamental right for every individual, including those living with visual impairments. With rapid advancements in technology over the past decades, significant efforts have been made to develop tools that assist disabled individuals in achieving autonomy. This study introduces a smart assistive system specifically designed to enhance the mobility of blind individuals by providing real-time information about their surroundings. The proposed solution employs the You Only Look Once (YOLO) object detection algorithm for high-speed and accurate identification of various objects within video streams. The system is implemented using OpenCV and Python and operates on the Raspberry Pi 3 platform, a low-cost and portable computing device. Results from the implementation show that the system is capable of recognizing multiple types of objects with high accuracy and delivering audio-based feedback to the user. This enables the visually impaired to navigate both indoor and outdoor environments with greater confidence and safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pramod Kumar Sagar, Anant Mishra, Akhilendra Mishra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Redefining Masculinity and Feminity in Matriarchal Societies
This paper examines the way in which matriarchal societies challenge the dominant patriarchy by redefining feminist and masculinity via alternative gender power structures. Using sociological and ethnographic case studies-including the Khasi and Garo tribes of India, and the Mosuo of China, this study argues that gender roles are not natural or predetermined but socially constructed and shaped in regards to circumstances. In these cultures, women inherit property and hold household authority, while men take up the supportive, communal and ritualistic roles. These arrangements in the society displace hegemonic masculinity and promote balanced and cooperative gender identities. This paper underlines the cultural fluidity of gender and presents insights into how equitable gender relations can be sustained. The paper is a contribution to ongoing sociological debates on gender, power and cultural variation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sunidhi Sangwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Voice assistants are software agents that can interpret human speech and respond via synthesized voices. Apple's Siri, Amazon's Alexa, Microsoft's Crotona, and Google's Assistant are the most popular voice assistants and are embedded in smart phones or dedicated home speakers. Users can ask their assistants questions, control home automation devices and media playback via voice, and manage other basic tasks such as email, to-do lists, and calendars with verbal commands. This paper will explore the basic workings and common features of today's voice assistants. Digital installation provides new opportunities to simplify everyday life using auxiliary technology tools. Amazon Alexa, Apple Siri, Microsoft Cortana, are examples of voice assistant. Voice assistant is a software that utilize artificial intelligence to take input in form of voice and then do the task accordingly. We use Various methods to convert speech into text (STT), then after processing of the text, it converts into speech (TTS). However, the smart personal assistant's study is vast. It is divided into separate branches, e.g. A computer-related environment, personal interaction with a computer as well Information systems. Various python packages are used in this project. In this paper, we have tried to present a descriptive and detailed review to provide strong support for future research. We use NLP instead of pattern identification strategies for recognizing contextual based text. It works online and offline. Python programming language is used in voice assistant. Data is stored in the app itself; it reduces the complexity of time and space.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akshay Awasthi, Karan Dwivedi, Nilesh Mani Tripathi, Vaishali Rastogi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning
The fraud done to credit cards has become a critical issue affecting financial institutions and consumers globally, leading to significant financial losses. This paper presents machine learning approach is employed to identify fraudulent credit card transactions by analyzing transaction patterns and behaviors. Several supervised learning algorithms, such as Random Forest, Sup-port Vector Machine, and Decision Tree, are assessed for their ability to detect fraudulent activities effectively. The study ad-dresses challenges such as data imbalance and evolving fraud tactics through feature engineering and model optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that ensemble methods pro-vide superior accuracy and reduce false positive rates, enhancing the reliability of fraud detection systems. The proposed approach contributes to strengthening financial security and protecting users from unauthorized transactions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Avinash Dua, Vishal Akash Gahlaut https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pet Breed Classification and Diet Recommendation Using Deep Learning
The rising popularity of domestic pets has generated a new demand for more personalized care systems, especially regarding diet and exercise recommendations based on breed. In this paper, we present a new Pet Care Recommendation System which uses deep learning and advanced image processing techniques to identify pet breeds from images and make breed appropriate recommendations. The model utilizes EfficientNetB5, which provides a high degree of efficiency with 95% classification performance. The accuracy is a result of the design architecture, as well as being trained on a dataset that encompasses a variety of animal breed sets. After breed recognition, the model provides categorized diet plans, which outline recommendations for morning, afternoon, and evening meals per pet breed, along with a recommended walking schedule that fits the individual needs and expectations of a particular breed based on exercise knowledge. The recommendations are made specifically to enhance and/or improve a pet’s health and overall well-being. Additionally, the model can be used within a Flask application for real-time user engagement and convenience for pet owners. Through an automated pet identification process and recommendations, the user no longer searches manually, and also saves time while providing scientifically driven findings to enhance a pet’s health status. The scalability and flexibility of the application are viable solutions to the demands of the growing pet care industry. Future consideration involves extending the model for multiple types of pets, expanding health monitoring capabilities, and using multiple language options to provide for a broader global client base.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prince Raj, Richa Sharma, Ramanjit Singh, Abhishek Raj, Swetabh Shekhar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0